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BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL -- PART II

ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

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Section 7 <bc-7.htm> The Role of Parasitoids and Predators in Natural Control Examples of Stability Measuring the Force of Natural Control Nature of Parasitism Occurrence of Parasitoidism in Insects Taxonomic Groups Important to Biological Control General Ecology of Parasitoids Reproductive Strategies. Percent Parasitization Population Regulation Conclusions Exercises References Section 8 <bc-8.htm> Climate as a Factor in the Natural Control of Organisms Introduction and Discussion Examples (cherry fruit fly, face fly, red scale, walnut aphid, spotted alfalfa aphid, Japanese beetle, alfalfa weevil, black scale, Klamath weed, Mexican bean beetle, American grizzly bear, aquatic weeds, house fly, eye gnats) Conclusions... Exercises... References Section 9 <bc-9.htm> Genetic Considerations in Biological Control (Acquisition of Natural Enemies, Breeding, Mass Releases) The Natural Population at its Origin Natural Enemy Introductions Improving Fitness of Natural Enemies Improving Tolerance to Pesticides Genetic Engineering Prolonged Culture Exercises References Section 10 <bc-10.htm> Extranuclear Events Influencing Behavior and Fecundity in Parasitoids and Other Animals Direct Effects of the Cytoplasmic Genome Chemical Substances Affecting Behavior Muscidifurax Parasitoid Complex Exercises References

Section 11 <bc-11.htm> Biological Control Precepts Homopterous Insects as Ideal Candidates Examples Demonstrating Precepts Cottony-cushion scale Florida red scale California red scale Olive scale Rhodesgrass scale Walnut aphid Orb-weaving spiders The Importance of Single Species in Determining the Average Abundance of Plants and Animals Table 11.1 (Examples showing host densities dependent on one or two species) Conclusions Exercises References Section 12 <bc-12.htm> Competitive Displacement, Exclusion and Coexistence. Mechanisms of Competitive Displacement Examples The Coexistence Principle Competitive Displacement of Non-homologues Competitive Displacement and Biological Control Exercises References Section 13 <bc-13.htm> Habitat, Host-finding and Host Acceptance Habitat Effects on Natural Enemies Characteristics of the Habitat that Attract or Repel Natural Enemies Host Food Affects Suitability for Parasitization Other Influences of Habitat Habitat Diversity vs. Similarity Affects Population Stability Host Finding Host Acceptance Host Suitability Host Regulation Manner and Place of Oviposition Exercises References Section 14 <bc-14.htm> Problems and Calculations